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November 2009

The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's Report on The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Secondhand Smoke has concluded that 100% smokefree workplace policies are the only "effective way to eliminate secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace." Though thousands of communities, 26 states (as of July 2009), Washington, D,C., and Puerto Rico have enacted strong 100% smokefree laws to protect worker health, the workplace remains a major source of exposure to secondhand smoke. Almost half of the U.S. workforce is not covered by a smokefree workplace policy.^1,2

Nonsmokers and former smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke in confined workplaces display a significant increase in DNA damage associated with a decrease in DNA repair capacity.³

New York State's clean indoor air law caused a reduction of secondhand smoke exposure in nonsmoking workers, with saliva cotinine levels decreasing by 47.4 percent. Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine.⁴

HOSPITALITY WORKERS

Hospitality worker health improves dramatically with the passage of smokefree laws.

• After New York State's smokefree law went into effect, the number of hospitality workers who reportedly experienced irritation of the eye, nose, and throat declined by 62%, 34%, and 45%, respectively. Before the state law went into effect, 59% of hospitality workers reported respiratory symptoms, such as morning cough, shortness of breath, or bringing up phlegm. After the smokefree law took effect, the number of workers who reportedly experienced morning cough dropped by 46%. Another study showed that within three months of implementation of the law, the prevalence of workers reporting sensory symptoms declined by 50%.^5,6
  
  
• Bartenders working in smoke-filled bars are more likely than other workers to report having red or irritated eyes, coughing in the morning, coughing during the rest of the day, runny noses or sneezing, and a sore or scratchy throat.⁷
  
  
• Smokefree ordinances in Appleton and Madison, Wisconsin resulted in a decrease in the bartenders' mean level of exposure to secondhand smoke at work from 20.7 hours a week pre-ordinance to 1.6 hours a week post-ordinance. Secondhand smoke exposure in other places decreased from 8.2 hours to 4.1 hours, and home exposure decreased from 3.9 hours to 2.8 hours. The prevalence of eight upper respiratory symptoms significantly decreased during the post-ordinance period among non-smoking bartenders. Smokers reported a significant reduction of two symptoms.⁸
  
  
• Smokefree workplaces decrease cigarette consumption in continuing smokers, as well as decrease adult smoking prevalence. Smokefree laws result in fewer respiratory symptoms in workers, and there is strong evidence that these laws result in decreased hospital admissions for heart attacks. There is no negative economic impact for restaurants and bars going smokefree.⁹

BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS

• Cadmium, benzene, lead, and arsenic are just a few of the more than 4,000 hazardous chemical components of secondhand smoke that are also toxins common to blue-collar workplaces. Synergistically, cigarette smoke and workplace toxins can multiply the risk of getting lung cancer by as much as 53 times in blue-collar workers.¹⁰
  
  
• African American male workers, construction/manufacturing sector workers, and blue-collar and service workers have the highest levels of cotinine among all workers.¹¹

May be reprinted with appropriate attribution to the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation, © 2009.

REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006.
2. American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation, "U.S. 100 percent smokefree laws in workplaces and restaurants and bars," American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation, http://no-smoke.org/pdf/WRBLawsMap.pdf, October 2, 2009.
3. Fracasso, M.E.; Doria, D.; Franceschetti, P.; Per bellini, L.; Romeo, L., "DNA damage and repair capacity by comet assay in lymphocytes of white-collar active smokers and passive smokers (non- and ex-smokers) at workplace," Toxicology Letters 167(2): 131-141, December 1, 2006.
4. Bauer, U.; Juster, H.; Hyland, A.; Farrelly, M.; Engelen, M.; Weitzenkamp, D.; Repace, J.; Babb, S., "Reduced secondhand smoke exposure after implementation of a comprehensive statewide smoking ban - New York, June 26, 2003-June 30, 2004," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 56(28): 705-708, July 20, 2007.
5. RTI International, "First Annual Independent Evaluation of New York's Tobacco Control Program," New York State Department of Health, http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/tobacco/reports/docs/nytcp_eval_report_final_11-19-04.pdf. November 2004.
6. Farrelly, M.C.; Nonnemaker, J.M.; Chou, R.; Hyland, A.; Peterson, K.K.; and Bauer, U.E., "Changes in hospitality workers' exposure to secondhand smoke following the implementation of New York's smoke-free law," Tobacco Control 14(4): 236-241, August 2005.
7. Palmersheim, K.A., et al., "Madison Bartenders Baseline Survey: Preliminary Findings - Brief Report," Tobacco Surveillance & Evaluation Program, University of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Cancer Center, September 2005.
8. Palmersheim, K.; Wegner, M.; Remington, P., "Health effects of smoke-free bars in Wisconsin," Wisconsin's Comprehensive Cancer Control Program Surveillance Brief 3(1), April 2007.
9. Pierce, J.P.; Leon, M.E., "Special report: policy - effectiveness of smoke-free policies," Lancet Oncology 9: 614-615, July 2008.
10. Building Trades Unions Ignite Less Tobacco [BUILT] Project, "Unions yes [and] tobacco no," California: Department of Health Services, 2001.
11. Clark, III, J.D.; Wilkinson, J.D.; LeBlanc, W.G.; Dietz, N.A.; Arheart, K.L.; Fleming, L.E.; Lee, D.J., "Inflammatory markers and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. workers," American Journal of Industrial Medicine 51(8): 626-632, May 14, 2008.